LAST DAY

Reading all my emails and goodbyes is feeling me with sadness knowing that I did not get a quarter of my year. I did not get spring sports, the last day jitters, the last day clean-out, or anything exciting about the end of the year. The spring is my favorite time in the school year and knowing that I didn't get to spend it with my teachers and classmates bums me out. Today is the last day I will ever be a freshmen and I didn't even get to finish out at the school I love. I want to say thank you to you as well for making my jc experience so fun. I do not have many plans this summer besides going down to Bethany a few times. I will be going to physical therapy and probably be bored out of my mind. I pray constantly for a normal sophomore year. I do not have any suggestions for you the class was great.

western civ day fifty-six

LAST BLOG!

This Corona-cation is something to remember! For the last couple of weeks, we have been stuck at home doing online school for the rest of our freshmen year. There has been up and downs. Everything has been cancelled. Most stores and buildings have been closed unless they were deemed essential. We had a stay at home order so everyone had to quarantine for a couple of weeks. Every 2 weeks they would just push the date that we were going back to school further until it turned into not going back the rest of the year. When we left in March, after cleaning out our locker and saying bye, we never would have imagined not going back to school. Everyone has to wear a mask and its been about 3 months and things are just going back to Phase 1. You have to stay six feet from anyone and wear a mask everywhere you go unless its outside. Everything is closed! This is a very odd time and everyone is trying their best. It is hard to not see your friends and extended family. You don't realize how much social interaction impacts you until you cannot have any. I appreciate this time because I was taking school for granted and now that I do not go to school anymore I miss seeing my friends and teachers. I don't think life will be back to normal for a little while and certainly not this summer. I am excited for school to end but also I am upset because it gave me something to do everyday. I think that this summer is going to be very boring and won't really feel like summer. I am very excited for sophomore year and to go back to school and see everyone!

western civ day fifty-five

NOTES

• Caesar's grandnephew/adopted son (octavion) takes over at 18 with his own triumvirate 
• Mark Antony- experienced general
• Lepidus- powerful politician
• Octavion, Mark, and Lepidus make the new triumvirate
• Octavian forces Lepidus to retire
• Octavian and Mark become rivals
• Mark partners up with Cleopatra 
• Militarily 
• Personally
• Politically
• Economically
• Octavian defeats them at the Battle of Actium
• Octavian is the unchallenged ruler of Rome
• Given the name "Augustus"- exalted one
• Given the name "imperator"- supreme military commander 
• Rome is now an empire not a republic
• Octavian ruled for 40 years as emperor (27 BC to 14 AD)
• Began the era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana 
• Pax Romana was 207 years long 
• 27 BC to 180 AD
• Octavian's accomplishments
• expanded the Roman Empire firther into AFrica
• set up civil service to run government
• built a network of roads
• collect taxes
• postal service
• administered the grain supply
• built public facilities (buildings, aqueducts)
• police department 
• running fire-fighting organization
• Died of natural causes
• After Octavian's death power went to emperors:
• Tiberius 
• ruled from 14 AD to 37 AD
• excellent general- reluctant emperor
• exiled himself from Rome and left his prefects in charge 
• died at age 77
• Caligula 
• Ruled from 37 Ad to 41 AD
• won a power struggle after Tiberius death
• known for his cruelty, extravagance and perversity- insane tyrant
• assassinated 
• Claudius
• ruled from 41 Ad to 54 AD
• might have had cerebral palsy- limp, shaking, slobbering, etc
• last adult male in family 
• built roads, aqueducts, canals, and started the conquest of Britain
• died by poison- wife's plan
• Nero
• ruled from 54 to 68
• loved the arts
• huge fire in 64
• wanted to make Rome more majestic 
• hugely overspent- raided temples for money

western civ day fifty-four

I will be taking my test on June 2 at 9 am.

• bread and entertainment keeps the plebeians happy, alive, quiet, distracted, and docile
• Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebians
• military generals worked that angle- led an army that conquers a land, then gives them a share in the spoils
• solider's loyalty was to their military leader
• Julius Ceaser (100-44 BC)
• very successful
• conquered Gaul
• Serves as consul (one year)
• appoints himself as governor of Gaul
• made common people happy
• made friends in high places
• Pompey (general)
• Crassus (richest man in Rome
• those three men formed the first triumvirate (rule of three men)
• "Crossing the Rubicon"- crossing the point of no return 
• Pompey becomes jealous- becomes rival
• their armies clash in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt- Ceaser won
• 44 BC he is named Dictator- for 6 months then life
• Ceasers Reforms
• grants citizenship to people in provinces 
• expanded the senate
• created jobs for the poor
• increased pay for soldiers
• started colonies where those without land could own property
• The senators saw Ceaser's rise of power as a threat 
• Lured him into Senate- stabbed him 23 times- even Ceaser's ally- Brutus 
• Senators were not punished
• Octavian was named Caesar's sole heir 
• End of republic 

weatern civ day fifty-three

I choose option A for my essay:
Compare and contrast the government of ancient Rome with the government of the modern-day United States.

western civ day fifty-two

Civil War- conflict between groups within the same country
Julius Caesar- military man; strong leader and a genius at military strategy; served one year as consul; joined forces with Crassus
Triumvirate- a group of three rulers
Augustus- "exalted one"- title given to Octavian
Pax Romana- the period of peace and prosperity

Notes

• As Rome grew, the gap between rich and poor grew wider
• Landowners lived on large estates
• Thousands of enslaved people
• Small landowners (former soldiers) couldn't compete so they sold their land to the wealthy landowners and became homeless
• Tiberius and Gaius tried to help Rome's poor by limiting the size of estates and giving it to the poor
• Generals started recruiting their own soldiers to gain power for themselves
• 58-50 BC Caesar led his legions in a campaign all over Gaul- won his people's loyalty and devotion
• Successes in Gaul made him popular with the people of Rome 
• Caesar's troops defeated Pompey's armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt 
• 44 B.C. he was appointed dictator for life 
• Caesar granted Roman citizenship to many people 
• Expanded the senate
• Gave jobs to the poor
• Increased pay for soldiers
• Colonies of land where people without land could own
• Feared he was gaining to much power so he was assassinated 
• Civil war broke out after his assassination
• Octavian- 18 year old grandnephew of Caesar- joined general Mark and took control of Rome for ten years
• Octavian had the titles of Augustus and imperator- supreme military commander
• 207 years there was peace throughout the empire- rule of Augustus
• Augustus was Rome's ablest emperor
• set up civil service- paid workers to maintain government 
• glorified Rome
• set up a government that survived for centuries
• After he died the government he created maintained the stability of the nation
• Agriculture was a big part in Rome- 90% farmed
• Vast trading network
• Most people in Rome lived in the countryside and worked on farms
• Number of slaves reached 1/3 of the population 
• Roman law stated that slaves were property of their owners
• Government and religion were linked
• Worshipped powerful spirits - numina 
• Dieties- symbols of the state
• Expected to honor them 
• Social status was how you lived
• Rich- spent lots of money on homes and gardens, etc
• Most was poor- government supported with daily rations of grain
• The colosseum held lots of large events
• Christianity started to appear 
• Early followers were met with lots of brutality

western civ day fifty-one

PUNIC WARS

• 264- 146 BCE 
• Rome vs Carthage
• Three wars
• First Punic War
• 264-241 BCE
• Naval battles
• Rome wins
• Second Punic War
• 218-201 BCE
• General Hannibal (Carthage General) takes on Rome attacking from the North
• Never made it to Rome 
• Rome Wins
• Third Punic War 
• 149-146 BCE
• Carthage burned for 17 days after Rome attacked the city
• The last 50,000 people were sold into slavery 
• The rest of Carthage's territories were now named the Roman province of Africa
• They were both fighting for control
• Rome wanted to expand and then encountered the Carthaginian Empire and they had conflicts

western civ day fifty

• Tarquin seized power the old fashioned way
• Tarquin's grandfather died
• The grandfathers wife liked Servius Tullias more than her own kids so named him king
• Servius's daughter marry two men (Tarquin and another)
• One of the daughters (Tullia) kills her sister and husband which led her to marry Tarquin
• Tullia tells Tarquin to take the throne from her father so he does and then orders her father to be assassinated
• Tullia runs over he dads dead body with a carriage 
• Tarquin assassinates senators who object 
• Tarquin's son Sextus forces himself on Lucretia- she refuses and he threatens to kill her 
• Lucretia gives into the blackmail and then ends up committing suicide 
• Tarquin tried to hide it all but the poeple caught on and ordered him and his family out of Rome
• The behavior of this family made the people of Rome never want to be ruled under a tyrant or king again

• consuls are elected officials
• term of office: one year 
• always patricians
• duties: dealing justice, making law, commanding the army
• Rome and US 
• Both had 3 branches- executive, legislative, and judicial 
• Both have legal code
• Executive- Rome- 2 consuls, 1 year terms, and controlled the military
• Executive- US- President and VP, 4 year terms, and commander in chief of military
• Legislative- Rome- 300 officials, aristocrats, members for life, and assemblies had 193 members 
• Legislative- US- 100 senators, 6 year terms, and a house of representatives with 435 members 
• Judicial- Rome- Praetors with one year terms
• Judicial- US- supreme court, nine members, lifetime terms, and they were appointed by the president 
• Legal code- Rome- Twelve Tables
• Legal code- US- Bill of Rights

western civ day fourty-nine

STUDY GUIDE

• Etruscans settled Rome
• Came from the north-central part of peninsula
• Metalworkers, artists, and architects 
• Two fundamental myths
• Virgils Aeneid (where Aeneas escapes from Troy)
• Story of Remus an Romulus 
• Greeks also settled Rome
• colonies around the Mediterranean Sea
• Romans borrowed these ideas from the Greeks
• religious beliefs
• alphabet
• art
• military techniques and weaponry
• Latins were the FIRST settlers
• descendants of Indo-Europeans 
• settled on the banks of the Tiber
• trading ships could navigate as far as Rome
• commercial port- not susceptible to attack
• built on seven hills- Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, and Viminal
• Remus wanted Aventine
• Romulus chose Palatine
• Many streams flowed into the Tiber 
• Marshy area called the Forum- between Palatine and Capitoline Hills
• Tarquin the Proud's grandfather built the Cloaca Maxima (largest ancient drain), which channeled water into the Tiber
• Constitution Avenue in D.C is located on what used to be Tiber Creek
• Lucias Tarquinias Superbus
• Seventh and final king of Rome
• known as Tarquin the Proud
• true tyrant, in the old and modern sense 

western civ day fourty-eight

I loved the song Rome by Chi Cago. It followed the same beat and tune as the original song Low by Flo Rida. I also liked how it was by Chi Cago which when you put it together it says Chicago and when you put Flo Rida it spells Florida. The lyrics were very catchy and still related to Rome. I am disappointed that we didn't have school because it would have been funny to watch you sing it. I think I could remember some of the song because of the catchiness which could help me with Rome.

western civ day fourty-seven

In 451 B.C., ten men began writing down the laws onto 12 tablets. The Twelve Tables was a compilation of existing laws. The laws were originally carved onto wooden tablets and set up for public display they were then upgraded to bronze. Romans memorized the contents. The Twelve Tables were easily and always being added to. The tablets hung in the forum for the public, they were the basis for Roman law. The Twelve Tables established the idea that all free citizens had the right to be protected by the law. This was a big accomplishment for the plebeians because it meant the patricians couldn't change the law to only benefit themselves.

western civ day fourty-six

This is the Roman city walls of Lugo. These walls were built between 263 and 276 B.C. These walls were built to protect roman city, Lugo, from German invaders and local tribesman. The length of the wall was 6,960 ft and the height varied between 26 ft and 39 ft. There are 10 gates and 85 towers still in tact today. The wall is in pretty good shape. The wall was built from stone slate and some granite.

western civ day fourty-five

The plebeians are the working class and the majority of the people. They have to work hard for everything they receive and nothing is just handed to them. The patricians inherit money and fame and "the name". The patricians only make up a small percent of the citizens. They are more of the politicians and lawyers. The plebeians do all the hard work and make everything for the patricians to get no respect from them. The patricians want everything for themselves and since they are the politicians they don't give the plebeians many rights. The greek definitions are; plebeians- the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population. Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power.

western civ day fourty-four

Republic- a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders
Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power
Plebeians- the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population
Tribune- representatives- protected the rights of the Plebeians from unfair acts of Patrician officials
Consuls- command the army and directed government- limited power- serve for one year
Senate- aristocratic branch- both legislative and administrative functions- influence over foreign and domestic policy
Dictator- a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army- power lasted 6 months- elected by Senate; chosen by consuls
Legions- large, organized unit of Roman soldiers
Punic Wars- 264- 146 BC- Rome and Carthage fought 3 wars
Hannibal- Carthinagin general- brilliant military strategist

western civ day fourty-three

My essay question would be this: Explain who Phillip II, Darius III, and Alexander the Great are and their relationships. In my first paragraph I would explain who Phillip II was and how he won many battles and how he had a lot of military knowledge which made him become a successful leader. Next, I would explain who Darius III was and how he took the throne in 336 B.C. For the third paragraph, I would explain who Alexander the great is and his relationship with Bucephalus and how he led his army through many battles until he became the King of Persia. Next, I would explain how Alexander the Great was the son of Phillip II and beat Darius to become the leader of Persia. For the final paragraph, I would put all the people together and reinstate their relationships.

western civ day fourty-two

What two types of drama did the ancient Greeks preform in the theaters?

a.) Comedy and Romance
b.) Tragedy and Romance
c.) Tragedy and Comedy
d.) Romance and Mystery

Who was Alexander the Great's beloved horse?

a.) Phillip
b.) Darius
c.) Corinth
d.) Bucephalus

What is/are the group(s) in Plato's ideal society?

a.) Producers
b.) Military
c.) Rulers
d.) All of the above

Which of the following is not an example of Greek architecture?

a.) Great Sphinx
b.) Parthenon
c.) Temple of Artemis
d.) Theatre of Apollo

Who tried but couldn't ride Bucephalus?

a.) Philonicus
b.) King Phillip
c.) Alexander 
d.) Darius

western civ day fourty-one

1) How did Plato define The Forms?

Plato argues that beyond our imperfect world was a perfect unchanging world of forms. Forms are the ideal versions of the things and concepts we see around us. They serve as an instruction manual to our own world

2) Who are the three groups in Plato’s ideal society?

The three groups are producers, military, and the rulers.

3) What were Plato’s thoughts on women?

Women were equally able to rule. He was inconsistent because he likening them to children. Believed a women's womb was an animal and can wander around and create illness.

4) What was the Noble Lie that Plato proposed?

The Noble Lie was that we are all born with gold, silver or a mixture of brass and iron in our souls which determined our roles in life. 

western civ day fourty

Acrostic Poems 

Athens
Not new
Corinth
Ionian sea
Elderly
Netherlands
Thermopylae

Glorious
Roman empire
Epigraphy
Egypt
Civilization
Europe



Gracious
Outstanding
Determined
Dependable
Eternal
Serene
Strong



Battle of the Hydaspes
Underestimated
Celebrated
Estimable
Powerful
Horse
Alexander the Great
Leviathan
Unsung hero
Synergy

western civ day thrity-nine

CYBER DAY


This is an ancient greek temple in Paestum which is near the coast of modern day Italy. Paestum is known to have many preserved Greek temples. The people did not go inside the temples unless they were bringing offerings to the statue. They worshipped outside and the temple was more meant to honor a statue. The rows of columns and triangular roofs were some of the key architecture.


This is the theatre and temple of Apollo at Delphi. This theatre is built further up the hill past the temple of Apollo. There are 35 rows that can accomodate up to five thousand people. The chorus preformed in the center space (orchestra). The actors preformed on the stage (skene). The underground tiered seating allowed everyone with a perfect view of the stage. 

western civ day thirty-eight

CYBER DAY

1.) The Greeks preformed 2 kinds of drama in the theaters of Ancient Greece. The first was tragedy and the second was comedy. Tragedy was a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Tragedy's usually have a main character or a tragic hero. A comedy contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor. Comedies often made fun of politics and respected people. 

2.) I have watched many comedic movies lately and they also seem to attack politics or make jokes about political or important leaders. In Ancient Greece, they also targeted respected leaders. They both contain a series of jokes that keep the audience laughing. There are many late night shows such as "Late Night with Seth Meyers" and "The Late Night Show with Jimmy Fallon" that target politics and make jokes about the political leaders such as Trump.



 
3.) A theatre was an outdoor arena with plenty of seating circled around a stage. The actors preformed on the center stage. The theatre's were generally underground and many people came to watch the plays.

western civ day thirty-seven

CYBER DAY

This time that we are going through is certainly hard for everyone. I find my family stressing over extended families health, unemployment, and social distancing due to COVID-19. I myself am fearful of the disease and it effecting my family. I see how it is very easy for students to just look up the answers or copy someone else's work because there are video games and other things to do in front of them. We are all going through this crisis together and I agree that we shouldn't let this bad situation become worse. I find myself waking up and pushing off the work because I would rather do other things and help my family. When I push it off so much, I don't have any motivation to do my day's worth of work and it makes the situation worse. I also recognize that some teachers are putting in 100's and they don't really check over the work as they would in school. This makes some students turn it in empty or not their best work because they would just get a 100. I do not like how everything is now essays and reading instead of the hands-on activities that we did in school that got me engaged and learning the material. I myself am trying to take advantage over this situation and use the schoolwork as something to do because I have been very bored lately. Some teachers give us loads of busy work and end up not grading it because they are overloaded as well which is unfair because we are spending lots of time on it. I needed your motivation because as this goes on my motivation for doing my work goes down and I end up pushing till later in the day when I am tired and can't do my best work. This is difficult on the students so I think some of the teachers should give a little more help when they decide to assign busy work on busy work. 

western civ day thirty-six

Compare the plague that hit Athens during the Peloponnesian War with COVID-19.

The plague that hit Athens brought fevers, violent coughs, vomiting, sneezing, throat and tongue irritation, the body broke out in ulcers and it made the patient hot to the touch. The plague was very contagious and spread rapidly. The effected couldn't sleep and were restless. The people usually died 7-9 days from the first day of symptoms. 7-9 days was when the peak of symptoms hit the person. There were doctors that attempted to cure and help the suffering the people but there was no treatment. The plague was new to Athens and it swept across Athens affecting many. If someone survived the plague they would be left with blindness, memory loss or other serious conditions. The Corona Virus brings a dry harsh cough, violent fever, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, digestive issues, and body aches which is similar to the plague. The symptoms usually last 2-14 days after exposure which is similar. The COVID is very contagious which is why we are told to social distance. The COVID is also a new disease which means we don't have a vaccine or cure to it yet. It is sweeping across the world currently with about 500,000 confirmed cases. The symptoms and lack of knowledge of the disease make the plague and corona virus similar. Both of the diseases swept across an area without a cure and wiped out thousands. 

western civ day thirty-five

BIOGRAPHIES

Phillip II was born in 382 B.C in Pella, Greece. His parents were King Amyntas III and Eurydice. His brother took the throne and Philip was held hostage for 3 years in Thebes. After his brother was assassinated Perdicas III took the throne and broke Philip back from Thebes. In Thebes, Philip learned a lot about military power and became very educated on military strategy. Perdiccas was killed in 359 and Philip gained power using his military education he began building the Macedonian army. Philip and his army claimed many victories. As Philip was invading the Persian empire, because of the League of Corinth, his own people assassinated him in July 336 B.C when Philip was 46 years old.

Alexander the Great was born in Pella, Macedonia in 356 B.C. His parents were King Phillip II and Queen Olympias. His father, Philip II, was a great military man and always talked about conquering the Persian Empire. When he was 12, he trained Bucephalus and they became lifelong companions. Aristotle tutored Alexander at age 13. At age 16, Alexander was left in charge of Macedonia and he led a cavalry against the Sacred Band of Thebes on his own killing most of them. In 336 B.C. Alexander's father, Phillip, was assassinated and at age 20 he took the throne. Alexander led many battles in his father's legacy and he would too try to conquer the Persian Empire. In 333 B.C. he encountered Darius III's Persian army. Alexander's army was outnumbered but they were more experienced so Darius fled. Alexander was an excellent military leader and had never lost a battle. Alexander broke through the Tyre's walls and killed many of the citizens of Tyre. Alexander conquered Egypt and when faced with Darius again his own people assassinated Darius so Alexander became the King of Persia. Alexander the Great died in June 323 B.C. at age 32. He conquered many lands and was one of the most influential and powerful leaders in ancient history.

Darius III was born in 380 B.C. in Persia. He was originally named Artashata and the Greeks called him Codomannus. Darius was the son of Arsames and Ostanes. In 336 B.C he took the throne at age 43. In 336 BC Philip II was ordered by the League of Corinth to start a sacred war against Persia. Philip was then assassinated and the war was over. His empire was unstable and troubled with all of the rebellious leaders. In 334 B.C Alexander the Great began to invade the Persian empire and defeated them multiple times before destroying the Persian capital. The Persian Empire was now under control of Alexander the Great. Alexander pursued Darius until Darius's cousin, Bessus, killed him in July 330 BC at age 50.

western civ day thirty-four

CYBER DAY FIVE

Philonicus the Thessalian brought the horse to King Philip and he tried to mount the horse but, Bucephalus was unmanageable and wild. Philip ordered to have the horse taken away because of his behavior. That is when Alexander stood up and said he could manage the horse better than anyone else and if he couldn't he would pay Philip the amount the horse cost. Alexander was able to mount the horse while the others couldn't mount him without getting bucked off. Alexander rode Bucephalus and the crowds laughs turned into clapping and excitement. Alexander found that Bucephalus was afraid of his own shadow. The kingdom felt that Alexander should be king because he was the only one that could ride Bucephalus. Bucephalus and Alexander were companions ever since and Alexander was the only one that could ride Bucephalus. Alexander rode Bucephalus into every battle until he was kidnapped after the defeat of Darius.  Alexander fought to find him until Bucephalus returned with a request for mercy. Most historians believe Bucephalus died of old age after the Battle of Hydaspes (326 BCE). Alexander named a city after Bucephalus in honor of their friendship. 


https://www.ancient.eu/Bucephalus/

western civ day thrity-three

CYBER DAY FOUR

The online school is running better than I thought it was. There are a lot of teachers that just give you a lot of busy work which is annoying because usually in their class we don't do any work. The communication and emailing is running smoothly and you can reach any teacher all day which is helpful. The online school is making me do more assignments than I usually do on a regular basis. It is interesting to see all the different ways the teachers can provide info (teams, flipgrid, veracross, etc). In school there is also a social aspect and you get to see all your friends and teachers and communicate with them so that is something I miss. The online school is helping me with time management because when I am presented with all the work I would rather do other stuff. It is helping me to make sure I can do the things I want and get my work done. I do find myself doing work all day because of the amount the teachers give. I feel that I learn more in school because some of the teachers are just giving busy work while in class we would be taking notes.  I would rather be in school so I am hoping we aren't doing online school the rest of the year.

western civ day thirty-one

CYBER DAY THREE

There were generals that conducted war over sea and when they came back they thought they were going to be thanked for being a hero but instead they were all thrown into prison. The Athenian commanders sailed back to Athens and didn't pick up any of the fallen soldiers because of a storm. The failure to rescue the men was ruled to be such a bad crime that all the generals should be executed. Socrates tried to stand against the assembly and was the only one. Socrates tried to stand up for the generals but the angry citizens didn't agree. Socrates questioned the society he lived in because he felt there was no more good in the society. He didn't bow to anyone or follow anyone's requests so it was him against all and couldn't sway the assembly. The generals were put to death by drinking poisonous hemlock. It was a loss to Athens war effort and they had no chance in wars anymore. The society had lost all effort and power and they wouldn't even fight for Socrates. After the disease, the society was a mess and there was no more drive to fight for anything leaving Socrates to question traditional beliefs. 

western civ day thirty

CYBER DAY 2 

All of the Athenians were behind the Athens walls and the plague was introduced to Athens. Because all of the citizens were in one tight space the disease "spread like a wildfire". The symptoms were beyond human suffering and the city was in horrible shape. There was so much terror going around Athens because the citizens were worried about being attacked and the disease. With the crisis erupting, the people began breaking all laws and religious customs. The Athenian society broke down because people stopped being good because the good and the evil were being affected by the disease. The plague killed over a third of Athen's population. Pericles got the plague and lost all strength, he began relying on magic potions to help him survive. After 6 months of struggling, Pericles died in 429 BC. Pericles planned to make Athens the best in the Mediterranean sea but his plan of close quarters brought death and disease. Pericles underestimated the power of the uncontrollable factors. Pericles was the strongest leader so after his death many other leaders tried to take his position. The other leaders did anything and everything to gain power. Direct democracy began "sliding into mob rule".Because of mob rule they had no power to fight a war. Pericles plan to glorify Athens and make it the strongest only brought death and disease which led to them not being able to fight a war. 

western civ day twenty-nine

CYBER DAY ONE 

Pericles was a statesman who ran Athens during most of the Golden Age. Pericles was wise, able, honest, fair, skillful, inspiring, and respected. He was a politician, speaker and a very popular general. He held onto popular support for 32 years. He was such a strong leader from 461 to 429 BC, that his period his also called the Age of Pericles. His goals for Athens was to strengthen the Athenian democracy, hold onto and strengthen the empire, and to glorify Athens. A direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens rule directly, and not through representatives. Every Athenian citizen is equal under the law and they could all participate in the government. The male citizens who served in the assembly established all of the important government policies then it was up to the people for their opinions. Athens helped organize the Delian League once the Persians were defeated. Athens took leadership over the league and dominated all the city-states in it. Pericles used the money in the leagues treasury to make the Athenian navy the strongest in the Mediterranean Sea. Once they had a stronger navy they were strong against attacks and could focus on rebuilding Athens. Pericles used money from the Delian league to then glorify Athens with architecture and art. 

western civ day twenty-eight

Today, we talked about how our online classes will work. Mr. Schick explained how he doesn't want to do online calls and he will post all of our work on veracross. We will have to read posted textbook pages and answer the questions he provides in a blog by 11;59 that night. He doesn't believe in giving us 45 minutes of busy work so he will give us some work that we usually do in class. We also talked about the symptoms, effects, and risks of the coronavirus and he told us that to stop the spread we should all try to stay home and not go about our regular days and risk getting others sick.

western civ day twenty-seven

VIDEO NOTES PT 2

• Revolution
•  began in 490 BC in Greece 
• between Athens and Persians 
• changed the course of civilization
• the people of Athens have established democracy for the first time ever in history
• Themistocles and Pericles would change the course of civilization
• The Battle of Marathon:
• Pheidippides was a regular citizen in Athens and he was the one who started the marathon, he was running because his home town was getting taken over by the Persian Empire 
• he ran from Marathon to Athens to tell the Athenians the Persians were going to attack
• he ran 140 miles in just two days
• the help was refused 
• The men had to fight with spears against the Persians 
• Persians were outnumbering them 2 to 1 
• Themistocles thought the Persians would still be a danger
• Early 5th century BC the Persians were very strong
• Athens began gaining power
• Persians had to destroy Athens to win
• greeks are the people who emphasize free
• Persians follow obedience
• Themistocles was the leader of Athens- cocky and not many followers 
• Known as the savior of the city 
• Believed Persia would attack again
• Athenians were defeated by land but very strong over seas (navy)
• trienes were Athenian boats used as weapons
• 483 BC the Athenians found a large amount of riches and wanted to divide it among themselves, but Themistocles wanted to spend it on ships 
• Xerxes conscripted troops from every corner of his empire
• They had 2 million men with a great force ready to march
• Xerxes was confident of victory, but when the Greeks realized they were about to be invaded they turned to the gods 
• They sent out a messenger to find their fate 

western civ day twenty-six

Video Notes

• Greeks laid the foundation for western civilization 
• Greeks achievements shape our world
• Heracles was a famous politician
• Panamanian ruled the streets of Athens 
• Cleisthenes born to be a ruler and save Athens 
• Thought people should have own freedoms 
• Born around 570 BC into one of the richest families- Alkamihoded
• Taught that he was an aristocrat because he grew up that way 
• Greedy family
• Set Greece on the path for an. empire
• 6th century BC aristocrats controlled everything in Athens
• impossible to think this place would soon rule a huge empire
• most houses made out of mud brick
• Athens smelled terrible
• No society of equality 
• Greece used to be called Hellas
• Athens was built around acropolis 
• women spent their days in the house cooking cleaning etc
• Reading and writing was a rare skill
• life expectancy was under 15 years
• the society was not equal and was ruled under the aristocrats
• did not expect Greece to have an empire by the appearance
• south of Greece was Egypt
• to the east were the Persians
• Greatest civilizations were based off rivers 
• countless tiny nations called city states
• over a thousand city states in Cleisthenes time
• Each polis sought to maintain it's own independence and only some were successful
• the Spartans every year caused war against the Helots
• Legitament to kill a Helot because they were strong war-like fighters
• Athenian potters were motivated by out doing each other
• Hippiates became ruler and his brother died and he tortured many people
• by Cleisthenes time the games were open to anyone
• chariot racing, running, boxing
• no real prize, just fame throughout Greece
• homer wrote the Iliad and Odyssey about war 

western civ day twenty-five

PHILOSOPHERS

Socrates

• Looked to science and logic for explanations of how the world worked 
• The Socratic Method fostered critical thinking
• Had a famous quote- "the unexamined life is not worth living."
• Socrates was charged with serious crimes 
• impiety (disrespecting the gods)
• corrupting the youth of Athens 
• At his trial, he describes himself as a stinging gadfly, and Athens as a lazy old horse- he was trying to give Athens life 
• Did not deny what he had done; asked for free dinners because he believed that he helped everyone
• Found guilty by a Athenian jury, and was sentenced to death by drinking poison hemlock- body starts to stop working and you slowly die 

Plato 

• Plato was a student and follower of Socrates
• He wrote out Socrates’ teachings, and described his trial in the book he wrote; Apology
• Republic was Socrates’ discussion of justice and the ideal state - one of the most influential books on philosophy ever written
• Republic was the second book Plato wrote

western civ day twenty-four

NOTES

• Greeks were certainly war-like- spartans especially
• Spartan were known for their tough, ruthless infantry
• Infantry: Soliders who fought on land
• Spartan boys began training when they were seven years old 
• Athens had a great infantry, but their navy was the best out of everyone's 
• Trireme- most technologically advanced, fastest ship in the world, rowed by 170 men on 3 different levels, battering ram- agile and fast 
• Athens used a formation called phalanx- group of 100-150 warriors in lines of 10 with long spears and moved toward the enemy in unison
• Persians had a huge army and nearly unlimited resources
• Greek army- iron weapons, foot soliders (hoplites), spears, swords, shields, phalanx, home-field, and very determined because they wanted to preserve democracy
• Persian army- archery, then calvary, then lightly armed infantry, huge #, not home, and hired a professional army 
• 490 BC- Persian fleet attacks marathon, loses, Pheidippides runs to war them- he runs 26 miles
• 480 BC- Greeks abandon Athens to fight Persia 
• Greeks win

western civ day twenty-three

GODS AND GODDESSES

• The gods interaction with the humans is unique 
• Poseidon- (god of the sea) interfered with Odysseus trying to return home to make his look bad
• Brother of Zeus 
• Aphrodite- (goddess of love) had lovers of both gods and men 
• Archises was a mortal who fathered her baby 
• Dionysus- (god of wine) was a son of Zeus and of Semele (a human princess)
• Zeus- ruler of heaven and Earth; father of Athena; god of sky, weather, law, order, thunder, lightning, and justice
• Zeus had a temper and was known to hurl thunderbolts 
• Athena- goddess of wisdom, skill, warfare, peace, intelligence, battle strategy and handicrafts
• Athena was born from Zeus's head fully formed (adult) and armored
• She was a patron of Athens (city named after her)
• Apollo- god of music, arts, knowledge, and healing 
• Zeus was his father
• Artemis was his twin
• Associated with the sun and his sister was associated with the moon
• Demeter- goddess of grain, harvest, and agriculture
• Zeus's sister

western civ day twenty-two

Today we went over the test and I did a little worse than I thought I would. I got an 88 and I am glad that we went over the test so that I can do well on the final. 


Notes:

Direct Democracy- a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Classical Art- values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion
Tragedy- serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal
Comedy- contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor
Peloponnesian War- Athens vs Sparta- Athens had stronger navy and Sparta had a stronger Army
Philosophers- "lovers of wisdom"
Socrates- critic of sophists
Plato- student of socrates
Aristotle- philosopher who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief

NOTES

• Pericles led Athens during the Golden Age 
• Pericles increased number of public officials for a stronger democracy
• After the defeat of the Persians, Athens helped organize the Delian League 
• Pericles goal was to have the greatest Greek artists and architects to glorify Athens 
• The Parthenon was not unique in style 
• Greeks wrote 2 kinds of drama- tragedy and comedy
• 3 notable dramatists- Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
• No written records of the Dorian Age besides Homer's stories
• Athenians and Spartans go to war (Peloponnesian)
• Sparta gains victory- marched 20,000 soldiers to Athens wealthiest city 
• Greek philosophers based on this 
• The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging law 
• People can understand the laws through logic and reason
• Socrates believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice
• Plato wrote down the conversations of the Socrates- famous work was the Republic 
• Aristotle came close to summarizing all the knowledge up to his time 
• Aristotle invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic

western civ day twenty-one

Page 139 Questions 1, 2, 3, 5

1. Direct Democracy is a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives. Classical art is values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion. A tragedy is a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Comedy has contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor. The Peloponnesian War was Athens vs Sparta- Athens had stronger navy and Sparta had a stronger Army. Philosophers are "lovers of wisdom". Socrates are critics of sophists. Plato is a student of socrates. Aristotle is a philosopher who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief. 
2. Pericles increased the number of public officials who had paid salaries. This movement was the beginning of democracy and democracy still exists today so Pericles started a strong foundation. 
3. He increased officials salaries so even the poorest citizen could serve as a leader/official 
4. Because Socrates believed that "The unexamined life is not worth living". There was a lot of unexamined life back then so the people weren't living. Also, Socrates was brought to trial for corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city's Gods. 

western civ day twenty

Today, we took a test on Greece and I think I did very well!! I studied the map of Greece a lot because that was my issue on the pop quiz so I felt confident this go around. There weren't a lot of questions on the definitions which was good because I didn't study those as much. There were a couple questions on the percents and how much of the land was what. Which was 3/4 mountains and not a lot of fertile land!

western civ day nineteen

REVIEW

Polis- the fundamental political unit in Ancient GreeceAcropolis- Agora, or marketplace, or on a fortified hilltop, people gather to discuss the cities gov'tMonarchy- single person ruled (king)Aristocracy- a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning familiesOligarchy- a gov't ruled by a few powerful peopleTyrant- powerful people took control of the governmentDemocracy- ruled by the peopleHelots- peasants forced to stay on the land they work onPhalanx- most powerful fighting force in the ancient worldPersian War- between Greece and the Persian Empire- began in Ionia

Aristocrats- members of the ruling class
Draconian- very harsh

• Mesopotamia/ Tigris and Euphrates river

• Egypt/ Nile River

• India/ Indus River 

• China/ Haungs He River 

Identify bodies of water surrounding Greece 

• Aegean Sea

• Ionian Sea

• Adriatic Sea

• Peloponnesus 

• Athens

• Sparta 

• Crete 

• Asia minor 

• Macedonia

• Greece is a mountainous peninsula 

• Mountains cover 3/4 of Greece

• Approximately 2,000 island in the Ionian and Aegean Seas

• Many skilled sailors, shipbuilders, farmers, metal workers, weavers, and potters

• Had poor/ limited resources so they had to trade

• Greek diet consists of grains, grapes, olives and fish

• Homer question: did he actually exist or was he apart of a fantasy?

• Dorian moved into war torn region

• Dorians were far less advanced

Draco (621 BCE)

• All Athenians equal under the law

• Death = punishment for crimes 

• Debt slavery (work as slave for debt) is ok

Solon (594 BCE)

• Outlaws debt slavery

• All athenian citizens can speak at an assembly

• Any citizen can press charges 

Clesthenes (500 BCE)

• Allowed citizen to submit laws

• Created council of 500- chosen at random

• Only free adult male land owners born in Athens were citizens 

Meanings of Tyrant 

• Tyrant- someone who rules outside the framework of the polis
• Modern meaning of tyrant- an abusive or oppressive ruler 
• Greek meaning of tyrant- someone who seized power

Cleisthenes VS Isagoras 

• Cleisthenes had support of the majority of Athens 
• Isagoras becomes archon eponymous- tyrant 
• He ostracizes Cleisthenes 
• Cleisthenes supporters revolt 
• They trap Isagoras on the acropolis for 2 days- on the third day he fled and banished 
• Occurred in 508 BCE

western civ day eighteen

Draco (621 BCE)

• All Athenians equal under the law
• Death = punishment for crimes 
• Debt slavery (work as slave for debt) is ok

Solon (594 BCE)

• Outlaws debt slavery
• All athenian citizens can speak at an assembly
• Any citizen can press charges 

Clesthenes (500 BCE)

• Allowed citizen to submit laws
• Created council of 500- chosen at random
• Only free adult male land owners born in Athens were citizens 

CLASH OF TYRANTS

• Hippias was a tyrant who ruled rule 527 BCE to 520 BCE 
• His brother was murdered, and his rule became harsh 
• Eventually he was expelled from Athens (ostracized)
• In revenge, he began working with the Persian king Darius I, helping them invade marathon
• When Hippias was gone, Isagoras and Clesthenes (aristocrats- both) engaged in a power struggle
• Isagoras had support from some fellow aristocrats from some fellow aristocrats, plus from Sparta (rich)
• Cleisthenes had support of the majority of Athens 
• Isagoras becomes archon eponymous- tyrant 
• He ostracizes Cleisthenes 
• Cleisthenes supporters revolt 
• They trap Isagoras on the acropolis for 2 days- on the third day he fled and banished 
• Occurred in 508 BCE
• Cleisthenes- member of elite- very rich 
• Insulated from the Hoi Polloi
• Saw the value of tapping into the talents, intelligence of the non-aristocrats (middle class)
• Too bad he didn't realize the value of women 

western civ day seventeen

DEMOCRACY AND GREECE'S GOLDEN AGE

Direct Democracy- a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Classical Art- values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion
Tragedy- serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal 
Comedy- contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor 
Peloponnesian War- Athens vs Sparta- Athens had stronger navy and Sparta had a stronger Army 
Philosophers- "lovers of wisdom"
Socrates- critic of sophists 
Plato- student of socrates 
Aristotle- philosopher who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief 

NOTES

• Pericles led Athens during the Golden Age 
• Pericles increased number of public officials for a stronger democracy
• After the defeat of the Persians, Athens helped organize the Delian League 
• Pericles goal was to have the greatest Greek artists and architects to glorify Athens 
• The Parthenon was not unique in style 
• Greeks wrote 2 kinds of drama- tragedy and comedy
• 3 notable dramatists- Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
• No written records of the Dorian Age besides Homer's stories
• Athenians and Spartans go to war (Peloponnesian)
• Sparta gains victory- marched 20,000 soldiers to Athens wealthiest city 
• Greek philosophers based on this 
• The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging law 
• People can understand the laws through logic and reason
• Socrates believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice
• Plato wrote down the conversations of the Socrates- famous work was the Republic 
• Aristotle came close to summarizing all the knowledge up to his time 
• Aristotle invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic
  

western civ day sixteen

I was absent today!

western civ day fifteen

I was absent today!

western civ day fourteen

i was out today due to surgery!

western civ day thirteen

ANCIENT GREECE IS THE WORLD

• The worlds greatest civilization are all located on the water (usually rivers)
• Mesopotamia/ Tigris and Euphrates river
• Egypt/ Nile River
• India/ Indus River 
• China/ Haungs He River 

Identify bodies of water surrounding Greece 

• Aegean Sea
• Ionian Sea
• Adriatic Sea
• Peloponnesus 
• Athens
• Sparta 
• Crete 
• Asia minor 
• Macedonia

• Greece is a mountainous peninsula 
• Mountains cover 3/4 of Greece
• Approximately 2,000 island in the Ionian and Aegean Seas
• Many skilled sailors, shipbuilders, farmers, metal workers, weavers, and potters
• Had poor/ limited resources so they had to trade
• Hard to unite ancient greeks because fo the terrain 
• Developed small, independent city-states
• Loyal to their city-states
• Although fertile valleys cover one quarter of the peninsula only about 20% is arable- suitable for farming 
• Greek diet consists of grains, grapes, olives and fish
• Lack of resources led to colonization 
• Temperatures ranged from 45 to 80 

western civ day twelve

Warring City-States

Polis- the fundamental political unit in Ancient Greece
Acropolis- Agora, or marketplace, or on a fortified hilltop, people gather to discuss the cities gov't
Monarchy- single person ruled (king)
Aristocracy- a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families
Oligarchy- a gov't ruled by a few powerful people
Tyrant- powerful people took control of the government
Democracy- ruled by the people
Helots- peasants forced to stay on the land they work on
Phalanx- most powerful fighting force in the ancient world
Persian War- between Greece and the Persian Empire- began in Ionia

• Polis- city and it's countryside
• Draco took power in 621 BC 
• Solon and Clestenes 
• ^^ above people worked together to form democracy
• Athenian girls didn't attend school
• Sons of the wealthy families were educated- around 7 years old they began school
• Girls learned at home how to do work around the house
• 725 BC- Sparta conquered Messenia
• Had olympics for boys and girls 
• Sparta splits off and creates a gov't with several branches
• Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece- 600 until 371 BC
• During Dorian Age, only rich could afford armor and weapons so only they fought in the armies 
• 546 BC- Persians conquered Anatolia 
• When the Athenians won the battle their home remained defenseless
• Darius son, Xerxes, tried to crush Athens 
• Greek city-states formed alliance called the Delian League
• Athens became the leaders of the Delian League

western civ day eleven

Write the term and a sentence explaining its significance

The Mycenaean were people who settled on Greek mainland- came from Mycenae. The Trojan War was a 10 year war where the mycenaeans fought Troy (trading city in Anatolia). The Dorians moved into war torn countryside.  They were less advanced and spoke a dialect of Greek. Homer was the greatest story teller, he was also blind. A epic is a narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds- written between 750-700 BC. Myths are traditional stories about their gods. 

What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece?

The Sea shaped Greek civilization. The sea provided transportation and the Greeks began to trade across sea to get the materials that weren't available by them. The sea transportation provided jobs as sailors and the sailors became skilled at their job. 

What aspects of culture did the Mycenaeans adopt from the Minoans?

They adapted the value of seaborne trade and they also adopted their language and writing. Their culture was influenced and it impacted  their religious practice, art, politics, and literature. 

Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?

There was a lack of writing in the Dorian time period so the Greeks learned about their history and kept passing it down by the spoken word (epics)

western civ day ten

Timeline

2000 BC- Minoan civilization prospers on crete (vase)
1780 BC- Hammurabi issues code of laws
1500 BC- Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland
1472 BC- Hatshepsut, women Pharaoh, begins her reign
1200 BC- Trojan war takes place
1027 BC- Zhou dynasty begins in China
750 BC- Greek city starts to flourish
850 BC- Assyrians expand their Empire
500 BC- Zapotec of Mexico built a shield
479 BC- Greece triumphs in Persian wars
334 BC- Alexander starts to build his own empire

Notes

• Mycenaean- people who settled on Greek mainland- came from Mycenae
• Trojan War- mycenaeans fought a ten year war against Troy (trading city in Anatolia)
• Dorians- moved into war torn countryside- less advanced- spoke Greek
• Homer- greatest story teller-blind
• Epic- narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds- between 750-700 BC
• Myths- traditional stories about their gods
• The Sea shaped Greek civilization
• Greeks lived around the sea
• Rugged mountains covered 3/4 of ancient Greece- Northwest to Southeast- divided the land
• Greece had varied climate- 48 in summer, 80 in summer
• Large wave of Indo-Europeans migrated to Europe, India, and Southeast Asia
• Mycenae- southern Greece- steep, rocky ridge- surrounded by wall
• Mycenaeans met Minoan and began trading with them
• Trojan war- ten years- began in 1200s BC
• Greeks learned about history through the spoken word
• Iliad- Homer's great epic poems
• Iliad- heroes of warriors- Achilles
• Theogony- sourced Greek mythology
• Athena- Guardian of the cities
• Aegean sea, black sea and ionian sea provided transportation
• Greeks became skilled sailors
• Provided trade routes for the resources they lacked
• Land travel was difficult
• Henrich Schliemann- dug up artifacts from the Trojan war

western civ day nine

New Notes

• Earliest Egyptian writing formed c 3100 BC and were small pictures known as hieroglyphics 
• Egyptian script was usually written in ink, on papyrus, which was made from mashed Nile reeds
• Papyrus, the precursor to paper, was stored in scrolls and the scrolls were the books of ancient Egypt
• Egyptian astronomers created a calendar with 12 months and 365 days to make better sense of the seasonal cycles
• Due to their excellent knowledge of human anatomy, Egyptian doctors wrote extensively on health issues and created potions and cures for a number of common ailments
• Wooden sailboats were constructed to increase transportation on the Nile
• Cataracts- rapids in the Nile 
• The pyramids were massive stone tombs, originally covered in marble, but later stripped off during Muslim Conquest
• The temple of Amon at Karak is the largest religious building in the world
• Stone sculptures and interior painting depicted humans and gods in a series of regulated poses, often in profile and with perspective but were highly effective 
• Rosetta Stone- polished black stone- Greek and Hieroglyphics translation
• Jean Francois Champollion- broke the code on the Rosetta Stone 

Review:

• Cataracts- rapids in the Nile 
• Delta- broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river
• Narmer- king-wore crown of lower Egypt and crown of upper Egypt- created double crown from the red and white crowns- symbolize united kingdom
• Pharaoh- Egyptian god-kings- as powerful as the gods of heaven
• Theocracy- type of government in which rule is based on religious authority
• Pyramid- resting place after death- magnificent monuments
• Mummification- embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying
• Hieroglyphics-  comes from greek meaning "sacred carving"- pictures stood for ideas
• Papyrus- grew in marshy deltas- formed paper like sheets to write on
• The temple of Amon at Karak is the largest religious building in the world 
• Rosetta Stone- polished black stone- Greek and Hieroglyphics translation
• Jean Francois Champollion- broke the code on the Rosetta Stone 
• The nile river flows northward across Africa for over 4,100 miles- longest river 
• Nile River flows north to South 

western civ day eight

THE NILE AND THE "TWO LANDS"

Notes:

• Upper Egypt was a 500 mile long strip of fertile land along the nile 
• Lower Egypt was the wide land along the Nile delta, emptying into the Mediterranean Sea
• The Nile was the major provider of life for the Egyptians and was much revered in lore and writing 
• Around 3100 BC the two lands were united under a single king of pharaoh (Narmer)
• Pharaoh was all powerful, worshipped as a god, and intimately connected to the other major Egyptian gods and goddesses 
• Egyptians relied on a harmony and balance of the universe, which they called "maat"
• Isfet- opposite of maat- bad
• Pharaohs had multiple wives, and all routes to financial and social success were through the palace
• Women could inherit money and land and divorce their husband, only few ever achieved political power through
• Gods were often portrayed as being people with animal heads or bodies
• Egyptians believed in after-life (ka) and they mummified bodies to preserve them for this past-death journey
• All souls would need to justify themselves at the point of death and either sent to an after-world paradise, or the jaws of a monster

In the beginning of class I took the Mesopotamia quiz that I missed on the 29.