Julius Caesar- military man; strong leader and a genius at military strategy; served one year as consul; joined forces with Crassus
Triumvirate- a group of three rulers
Augustus- "exalted one"- title given to Octavian
Pax Romana- the period of peace and prosperity
Notes
- As Rome grew, the gap between rich and poor grew wider
- Landowners lived on large estates
- Thousands of enslaved people
- Small landowners (former soldiers) couldn't compete so they sold their land to the wealthy landowners and became homeless
- Tiberius and Gaius tried to help Rome's poor by limiting the size of estates and giving it to the poor
- Generals started recruiting their own soldiers to gain power for themselves
- 58-50 BC Caesar led his legions in a campaign all over Gaul- won his people's loyalty and devotion
- Successes in Gaul made him popular with the people of Rome
- Caesar's troops defeated Pompey's armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
- 44 B.C. he was appointed dictator for life
- Caesar granted Roman citizenship to many people
- Expanded the senate
- Gave jobs to the poor
- Increased pay for soldiers
- Colonies of land where people without land could own
- Feared he was gaining to much power so he was assassinated
- Civil war broke out after his assassination
- Octavian- 18 year old grandnephew of Caesar- joined general Mark and took control of Rome for ten years
- Octavian had the titles of Augustus and imperator- supreme military commander
- 207 years there was peace throughout the empire- rule of Augustus
- Augustus was Rome's ablest emperor
- set up civil service- paid workers to maintain government
- glorified Rome
- set up a government that survived for centuries
- After he died the government he created maintained the stability of the nation
- Agriculture was a big part in Rome- 90% farmed
- Vast trading network
- Most people in Rome lived in the countryside and worked on farms
- Number of slaves reached 1/3 of the population
- Roman law stated that slaves were property of their owners
- Government and religion were linked
- Worshipped powerful spirits - numina
- Dieties- symbols of the state
- Expected to honor them
- Social status was how you lived
- Rich- spent lots of money on homes and gardens, etc
- Most was poor- government supported with daily rations of grain
- The colosseum held lots of large events
- Christianity started to appear
- Early followers were met with lots of brutality
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