western civ day twenty-one

Page 139 Questions 1, 2, 3, 5

1. Direct Democracy is a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives. Classical art is values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion. A tragedy is a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Comedy has contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor. The Peloponnesian War was Athens vs Sparta- Athens had stronger navy and Sparta had a stronger Army. Philosophers are "lovers of wisdom". Socrates are critics of sophists. Plato is a student of socrates. Aristotle is a philosopher who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief. 
2. Pericles increased the number of public officials who had paid salaries. This movement was the beginning of democracy and democracy still exists today so Pericles started a strong foundation. 
3. He increased officials salaries so even the poorest citizen could serve as a leader/official 
4. Because Socrates believed that "The unexamined life is not worth living". There was a lot of unexamined life back then so the people weren't living. Also, Socrates was brought to trial for corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city's Gods. 

western civ day twenty

Today, we took a test on Greece and I think I did very well!! I studied the map of Greece a lot because that was my issue on the pop quiz so I felt confident this go around. There weren't a lot of questions on the definitions which was good because I didn't study those as much. There were a couple questions on the percents and how much of the land was what. Which was 3/4 mountains and not a lot of fertile land!

western civ day nineteen

REVIEW

Polis- the fundamental political unit in Ancient GreeceAcropolis- Agora, or marketplace, or on a fortified hilltop, people gather to discuss the cities gov'tMonarchy- single person ruled (king)Aristocracy- a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning familiesOligarchy- a gov't ruled by a few powerful peopleTyrant- powerful people took control of the governmentDemocracy- ruled by the peopleHelots- peasants forced to stay on the land they work onPhalanx- most powerful fighting force in the ancient worldPersian War- between Greece and the Persian Empire- began in Ionia

Aristocrats- members of the ruling class
Draconian- very harsh

• Mesopotamia/ Tigris and Euphrates river

• Egypt/ Nile River

• India/ Indus River 

• China/ Haungs He River 

Identify bodies of water surrounding Greece 

• Aegean Sea

• Ionian Sea

• Adriatic Sea

• Peloponnesus 

• Athens

• Sparta 

• Crete 

• Asia minor 

• Macedonia

• Greece is a mountainous peninsula 

• Mountains cover 3/4 of Greece

• Approximately 2,000 island in the Ionian and Aegean Seas

• Many skilled sailors, shipbuilders, farmers, metal workers, weavers, and potters

• Had poor/ limited resources so they had to trade

• Greek diet consists of grains, grapes, olives and fish

• Homer question: did he actually exist or was he apart of a fantasy?

• Dorian moved into war torn region

• Dorians were far less advanced

Draco (621 BCE)

• All Athenians equal under the law

• Death = punishment for crimes 

• Debt slavery (work as slave for debt) is ok

Solon (594 BCE)

• Outlaws debt slavery

• All athenian citizens can speak at an assembly

• Any citizen can press charges 

Clesthenes (500 BCE)

• Allowed citizen to submit laws

• Created council of 500- chosen at random

• Only free adult male land owners born in Athens were citizens 

Meanings of Tyrant 

• Tyrant- someone who rules outside the framework of the polis
• Modern meaning of tyrant- an abusive or oppressive ruler 
• Greek meaning of tyrant- someone who seized power

Cleisthenes VS Isagoras 

• Cleisthenes had support of the majority of Athens 
• Isagoras becomes archon eponymous- tyrant 
• He ostracizes Cleisthenes 
• Cleisthenes supporters revolt 
• They trap Isagoras on the acropolis for 2 days- on the third day he fled and banished 
• Occurred in 508 BCE

western civ day eighteen

Draco (621 BCE)

• All Athenians equal under the law
• Death = punishment for crimes 
• Debt slavery (work as slave for debt) is ok

Solon (594 BCE)

• Outlaws debt slavery
• All athenian citizens can speak at an assembly
• Any citizen can press charges 

Clesthenes (500 BCE)

• Allowed citizen to submit laws
• Created council of 500- chosen at random
• Only free adult male land owners born in Athens were citizens 

CLASH OF TYRANTS

• Hippias was a tyrant who ruled rule 527 BCE to 520 BCE 
• His brother was murdered, and his rule became harsh 
• Eventually he was expelled from Athens (ostracized)
• In revenge, he began working with the Persian king Darius I, helping them invade marathon
• When Hippias was gone, Isagoras and Clesthenes (aristocrats- both) engaged in a power struggle
• Isagoras had support from some fellow aristocrats from some fellow aristocrats, plus from Sparta (rich)
• Cleisthenes had support of the majority of Athens 
• Isagoras becomes archon eponymous- tyrant 
• He ostracizes Cleisthenes 
• Cleisthenes supporters revolt 
• They trap Isagoras on the acropolis for 2 days- on the third day he fled and banished 
• Occurred in 508 BCE
• Cleisthenes- member of elite- very rich 
• Insulated from the Hoi Polloi
• Saw the value of tapping into the talents, intelligence of the non-aristocrats (middle class)
• Too bad he didn't realize the value of women 

western civ day seventeen

DEMOCRACY AND GREECE'S GOLDEN AGE

Direct Democracy- a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Classical Art- values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion
Tragedy- serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal 
Comedy- contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor 
Peloponnesian War- Athens vs Sparta- Athens had stronger navy and Sparta had a stronger Army 
Philosophers- "lovers of wisdom"
Socrates- critic of sophists 
Plato- student of socrates 
Aristotle- philosopher who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief 

NOTES

• Pericles led Athens during the Golden Age 
• Pericles increased number of public officials for a stronger democracy
• After the defeat of the Persians, Athens helped organize the Delian League 
• Pericles goal was to have the greatest Greek artists and architects to glorify Athens 
• The Parthenon was not unique in style 
• Greeks wrote 2 kinds of drama- tragedy and comedy
• 3 notable dramatists- Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
• No written records of the Dorian Age besides Homer's stories
• Athenians and Spartans go to war (Peloponnesian)
• Sparta gains victory- marched 20,000 soldiers to Athens wealthiest city 
• Greek philosophers based on this 
• The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging law 
• People can understand the laws through logic and reason
• Socrates believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice
• Plato wrote down the conversations of the Socrates- famous work was the Republic 
• Aristotle came close to summarizing all the knowledge up to his time 
• Aristotle invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic
  

western civ day sixteen

I was absent today!

western civ day fifteen

I was absent today!

western civ day fourteen

i was out today due to surgery!

western civ day thirteen

ANCIENT GREECE IS THE WORLD

• The worlds greatest civilization are all located on the water (usually rivers)
• Mesopotamia/ Tigris and Euphrates river
• Egypt/ Nile River
• India/ Indus River 
• China/ Haungs He River 

Identify bodies of water surrounding Greece 

• Aegean Sea
• Ionian Sea
• Adriatic Sea
• Peloponnesus 
• Athens
• Sparta 
• Crete 
• Asia minor 
• Macedonia

• Greece is a mountainous peninsula 
• Mountains cover 3/4 of Greece
• Approximately 2,000 island in the Ionian and Aegean Seas
• Many skilled sailors, shipbuilders, farmers, metal workers, weavers, and potters
• Had poor/ limited resources so they had to trade
• Hard to unite ancient greeks because fo the terrain 
• Developed small, independent city-states
• Loyal to their city-states
• Although fertile valleys cover one quarter of the peninsula only about 20% is arable- suitable for farming 
• Greek diet consists of grains, grapes, olives and fish
• Lack of resources led to colonization 
• Temperatures ranged from 45 to 80 

western civ day twelve

Warring City-States

Polis- the fundamental political unit in Ancient Greece
Acropolis- Agora, or marketplace, or on a fortified hilltop, people gather to discuss the cities gov't
Monarchy- single person ruled (king)
Aristocracy- a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families
Oligarchy- a gov't ruled by a few powerful people
Tyrant- powerful people took control of the government
Democracy- ruled by the people
Helots- peasants forced to stay on the land they work on
Phalanx- most powerful fighting force in the ancient world
Persian War- between Greece and the Persian Empire- began in Ionia

• Polis- city and it's countryside
• Draco took power in 621 BC 
• Solon and Clestenes 
• ^^ above people worked together to form democracy
• Athenian girls didn't attend school
• Sons of the wealthy families were educated- around 7 years old they began school
• Girls learned at home how to do work around the house
• 725 BC- Sparta conquered Messenia
• Had olympics for boys and girls 
• Sparta splits off and creates a gov't with several branches
• Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece- 600 until 371 BC
• During Dorian Age, only rich could afford armor and weapons so only they fought in the armies 
• 546 BC- Persians conquered Anatolia 
• When the Athenians won the battle their home remained defenseless
• Darius son, Xerxes, tried to crush Athens 
• Greek city-states formed alliance called the Delian League
• Athens became the leaders of the Delian League

western civ day eleven

Write the term and a sentence explaining its significance

The Mycenaean were people who settled on Greek mainland- came from Mycenae. The Trojan War was a 10 year war where the mycenaeans fought Troy (trading city in Anatolia). The Dorians moved into war torn countryside.  They were less advanced and spoke a dialect of Greek. Homer was the greatest story teller, he was also blind. A epic is a narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds- written between 750-700 BC. Myths are traditional stories about their gods. 

What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece?

The Sea shaped Greek civilization. The sea provided transportation and the Greeks began to trade across sea to get the materials that weren't available by them. The sea transportation provided jobs as sailors and the sailors became skilled at their job. 

What aspects of culture did the Mycenaeans adopt from the Minoans?

They adapted the value of seaborne trade and they also adopted their language and writing. Their culture was influenced and it impacted  their religious practice, art, politics, and literature. 

Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?

There was a lack of writing in the Dorian time period so the Greeks learned about their history and kept passing it down by the spoken word (epics)

western civ day ten

Timeline

2000 BC- Minoan civilization prospers on crete (vase)
1780 BC- Hammurabi issues code of laws
1500 BC- Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland
1472 BC- Hatshepsut, women Pharaoh, begins her reign
1200 BC- Trojan war takes place
1027 BC- Zhou dynasty begins in China
750 BC- Greek city starts to flourish
850 BC- Assyrians expand their Empire
500 BC- Zapotec of Mexico built a shield
479 BC- Greece triumphs in Persian wars
334 BC- Alexander starts to build his own empire

Notes

• Mycenaean- people who settled on Greek mainland- came from Mycenae
• Trojan War- mycenaeans fought a ten year war against Troy (trading city in Anatolia)
• Dorians- moved into war torn countryside- less advanced- spoke Greek
• Homer- greatest story teller-blind
• Epic- narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds- between 750-700 BC
• Myths- traditional stories about their gods
• The Sea shaped Greek civilization
• Greeks lived around the sea
• Rugged mountains covered 3/4 of ancient Greece- Northwest to Southeast- divided the land
• Greece had varied climate- 48 in summer, 80 in summer
• Large wave of Indo-Europeans migrated to Europe, India, and Southeast Asia
• Mycenae- southern Greece- steep, rocky ridge- surrounded by wall
• Mycenaeans met Minoan and began trading with them
• Trojan war- ten years- began in 1200s BC
• Greeks learned about history through the spoken word
• Iliad- Homer's great epic poems
• Iliad- heroes of warriors- Achilles
• Theogony- sourced Greek mythology
• Athena- Guardian of the cities
• Aegean sea, black sea and ionian sea provided transportation
• Greeks became skilled sailors
• Provided trade routes for the resources they lacked
• Land travel was difficult
• Henrich Schliemann- dug up artifacts from the Trojan war

western civ day nine

New Notes

• Earliest Egyptian writing formed c 3100 BC and were small pictures known as hieroglyphics 
• Egyptian script was usually written in ink, on papyrus, which was made from mashed Nile reeds
• Papyrus, the precursor to paper, was stored in scrolls and the scrolls were the books of ancient Egypt
• Egyptian astronomers created a calendar with 12 months and 365 days to make better sense of the seasonal cycles
• Due to their excellent knowledge of human anatomy, Egyptian doctors wrote extensively on health issues and created potions and cures for a number of common ailments
• Wooden sailboats were constructed to increase transportation on the Nile
• Cataracts- rapids in the Nile 
• The pyramids were massive stone tombs, originally covered in marble, but later stripped off during Muslim Conquest
• The temple of Amon at Karak is the largest religious building in the world
• Stone sculptures and interior painting depicted humans and gods in a series of regulated poses, often in profile and with perspective but were highly effective 
• Rosetta Stone- polished black stone- Greek and Hieroglyphics translation
• Jean Francois Champollion- broke the code on the Rosetta Stone 

Review:

• Cataracts- rapids in the Nile 
• Delta- broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river
• Narmer- king-wore crown of lower Egypt and crown of upper Egypt- created double crown from the red and white crowns- symbolize united kingdom
• Pharaoh- Egyptian god-kings- as powerful as the gods of heaven
• Theocracy- type of government in which rule is based on religious authority
• Pyramid- resting place after death- magnificent monuments
• Mummification- embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying
• Hieroglyphics-  comes from greek meaning "sacred carving"- pictures stood for ideas
• Papyrus- grew in marshy deltas- formed paper like sheets to write on
• The temple of Amon at Karak is the largest religious building in the world 
• Rosetta Stone- polished black stone- Greek and Hieroglyphics translation
• Jean Francois Champollion- broke the code on the Rosetta Stone 
• The nile river flows northward across Africa for over 4,100 miles- longest river 
• Nile River flows north to South 

western civ day eight

THE NILE AND THE "TWO LANDS"

Notes:

• Upper Egypt was a 500 mile long strip of fertile land along the nile 
• Lower Egypt was the wide land along the Nile delta, emptying into the Mediterranean Sea
• The Nile was the major provider of life for the Egyptians and was much revered in lore and writing 
• Around 3100 BC the two lands were united under a single king of pharaoh (Narmer)
• Pharaoh was all powerful, worshipped as a god, and intimately connected to the other major Egyptian gods and goddesses 
• Egyptians relied on a harmony and balance of the universe, which they called "maat"
• Isfet- opposite of maat- bad
• Pharaohs had multiple wives, and all routes to financial and social success were through the palace
• Women could inherit money and land and divorce their husband, only few ever achieved political power through
• Gods were often portrayed as being people with animal heads or bodies
• Egyptians believed in after-life (ka) and they mummified bodies to preserve them for this past-death journey
• All souls would need to justify themselves at the point of death and either sent to an after-world paradise, or the jaws of a monster

In the beginning of class I took the Mesopotamia quiz that I missed on the 29.

western civ day seven

PYRAMIDS ON THE NILE

Delta- broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river
Narmer- king-wore crown of lower Egypt and crown of upper Egypt- created double crown from the red and white crowns- symbolize united kingdom
Pharaoh- Egyptian god-kings- as powerful as the gods of heaven
Theocracy- type of government in which rule is based on religious authority
Pyramid- resting place after death- magnificent monuments
Mummification- embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying
Hieroglyphics-  comes from greek meaning "sacred carving"- pictures stood for ideas
Papyrus- grew in marshy deltas- formed paper like sheets to write on

Notes

• Nile river flows northward across Africa for over 4,100 miles- longest river
• Gift of Nile- brought water and rich soil 
• Nile was regularly unlike the Tigris and Euphrates river- provided water and rich soil like clock work (on the regular)
• Nile had less then regular then thousands of people starved
• Overflow caused flooding which destroyed houses, plants, etc. 
• Deserts on either sides of the Nile caused people to live in small areas
• Egyptians lived along the Nile 
• In Mesopotamia, kings were considered to be representatives of God
• To Egyptians, kings were Gods
• Believed that their king ruled after death
• Egyptians were polytheistic 
• Most important Gods- Re (sun), Orisis (dead)
• Hieroglyphics were the first writing (pictures)
• Pharaohs declined in 2180 BC 

I also studied for the upcoming Mesopotamia quiz that I missed on Wednesday.