western civ day fifty-five

NOTES

• Caesar's grandnephew/adopted son (octavion) takes over at 18 with his own triumvirate 
• Mark Antony- experienced general
• Lepidus- powerful politician
• Octavion, Mark, and Lepidus make the new triumvirate
• Octavian forces Lepidus to retire
• Octavian and Mark become rivals
• Mark partners up with Cleopatra 
• Militarily 
• Personally
• Politically
• Economically
• Octavian defeats them at the Battle of Actium
• Octavian is the unchallenged ruler of Rome
• Given the name "Augustus"- exalted one
• Given the name "imperator"- supreme military commander 
• Rome is now an empire not a republic
• Octavian ruled for 40 years as emperor (27 BC to 14 AD)
• Began the era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana 
• Pax Romana was 207 years long 
• 27 BC to 180 AD
• Octavian's accomplishments
• expanded the Roman Empire firther into AFrica
• set up civil service to run government
• built a network of roads
• collect taxes
• postal service
• administered the grain supply
• built public facilities (buildings, aqueducts)
• police department 
• running fire-fighting organization
• Died of natural causes
• After Octavian's death power went to emperors:
• Tiberius 
• ruled from 14 AD to 37 AD
• excellent general- reluctant emperor
• exiled himself from Rome and left his prefects in charge 
• died at age 77
• Caligula 
• Ruled from 37 Ad to 41 AD
• won a power struggle after Tiberius death
• known for his cruelty, extravagance and perversity- insane tyrant
• assassinated 
• Claudius
• ruled from 41 Ad to 54 AD
• might have had cerebral palsy- limp, shaking, slobbering, etc
• last adult male in family 
• built roads, aqueducts, canals, and started the conquest of Britain
• died by poison- wife's plan
• Nero
• ruled from 54 to 68
• loved the arts
• huge fire in 64
• wanted to make Rome more majestic 
• hugely overspent- raided temples for money

western civ day fifty-four

I will be taking my test on June 2 at 9 am.

• bread and entertainment keeps the plebeians happy, alive, quiet, distracted, and docile
• Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebians
• military generals worked that angle- led an army that conquers a land, then gives them a share in the spoils
• solider's loyalty was to their military leader
• Julius Ceaser (100-44 BC)
• very successful
• conquered Gaul
• Serves as consul (one year)
• appoints himself as governor of Gaul
• made common people happy
• made friends in high places
• Pompey (general)
• Crassus (richest man in Rome
• those three men formed the first triumvirate (rule of three men)
• "Crossing the Rubicon"- crossing the point of no return 
• Pompey becomes jealous- becomes rival
• their armies clash in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt- Ceaser won
• 44 BC he is named Dictator- for 6 months then life
• Ceasers Reforms
• grants citizenship to people in provinces 
• expanded the senate
• created jobs for the poor
• increased pay for soldiers
• started colonies where those without land could own property
• The senators saw Ceaser's rise of power as a threat 
• Lured him into Senate- stabbed him 23 times- even Ceaser's ally- Brutus 
• Senators were not punished
• Octavian was named Caesar's sole heir 
• End of republic 

weatern civ day fifty-three

I choose option A for my essay:
Compare and contrast the government of ancient Rome with the government of the modern-day United States.

western civ day fifty-two

Civil War- conflict between groups within the same country
Julius Caesar- military man; strong leader and a genius at military strategy; served one year as consul; joined forces with Crassus
Triumvirate- a group of three rulers
Augustus- "exalted one"- title given to Octavian
Pax Romana- the period of peace and prosperity

Notes

• As Rome grew, the gap between rich and poor grew wider
• Landowners lived on large estates
• Thousands of enslaved people
• Small landowners (former soldiers) couldn't compete so they sold their land to the wealthy landowners and became homeless
• Tiberius and Gaius tried to help Rome's poor by limiting the size of estates and giving it to the poor
• Generals started recruiting their own soldiers to gain power for themselves
• 58-50 BC Caesar led his legions in a campaign all over Gaul- won his people's loyalty and devotion
• Successes in Gaul made him popular with the people of Rome 
• Caesar's troops defeated Pompey's armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt 
• 44 B.C. he was appointed dictator for life 
• Caesar granted Roman citizenship to many people 
• Expanded the senate
• Gave jobs to the poor
• Increased pay for soldiers
• Colonies of land where people without land could own
• Feared he was gaining to much power so he was assassinated 
• Civil war broke out after his assassination
• Octavian- 18 year old grandnephew of Caesar- joined general Mark and took control of Rome for ten years
• Octavian had the titles of Augustus and imperator- supreme military commander
• 207 years there was peace throughout the empire- rule of Augustus
• Augustus was Rome's ablest emperor
• set up civil service- paid workers to maintain government 
• glorified Rome
• set up a government that survived for centuries
• After he died the government he created maintained the stability of the nation
• Agriculture was a big part in Rome- 90% farmed
• Vast trading network
• Most people in Rome lived in the countryside and worked on farms
• Number of slaves reached 1/3 of the population 
• Roman law stated that slaves were property of their owners
• Government and religion were linked
• Worshipped powerful spirits - numina 
• Dieties- symbols of the state
• Expected to honor them 
• Social status was how you lived
• Rich- spent lots of money on homes and gardens, etc
• Most was poor- government supported with daily rations of grain
• The colosseum held lots of large events
• Christianity started to appear 
• Early followers were met with lots of brutality

western civ day fifty-one

PUNIC WARS

• 264- 146 BCE 
• Rome vs Carthage
• Three wars
• First Punic War
• 264-241 BCE
• Naval battles
• Rome wins
• Second Punic War
• 218-201 BCE
• General Hannibal (Carthage General) takes on Rome attacking from the North
• Never made it to Rome 
• Rome Wins
• Third Punic War 
• 149-146 BCE
• Carthage burned for 17 days after Rome attacked the city
• The last 50,000 people were sold into slavery 
• The rest of Carthage's territories were now named the Roman province of Africa
• They were both fighting for control
• Rome wanted to expand and then encountered the Carthaginian Empire and they had conflicts

western civ day fifty

• Tarquin seized power the old fashioned way
• Tarquin's grandfather died
• The grandfathers wife liked Servius Tullias more than her own kids so named him king
• Servius's daughter marry two men (Tarquin and another)
• One of the daughters (Tullia) kills her sister and husband which led her to marry Tarquin
• Tullia tells Tarquin to take the throne from her father so he does and then orders her father to be assassinated
• Tullia runs over he dads dead body with a carriage 
• Tarquin assassinates senators who object 
• Tarquin's son Sextus forces himself on Lucretia- she refuses and he threatens to kill her 
• Lucretia gives into the blackmail and then ends up committing suicide 
• Tarquin tried to hide it all but the poeple caught on and ordered him and his family out of Rome
• The behavior of this family made the people of Rome never want to be ruled under a tyrant or king again

• consuls are elected officials
• term of office: one year 
• always patricians
• duties: dealing justice, making law, commanding the army
• Rome and US 
• Both had 3 branches- executive, legislative, and judicial 
• Both have legal code
• Executive- Rome- 2 consuls, 1 year terms, and controlled the military
• Executive- US- President and VP, 4 year terms, and commander in chief of military
• Legislative- Rome- 300 officials, aristocrats, members for life, and assemblies had 193 members 
• Legislative- US- 100 senators, 6 year terms, and a house of representatives with 435 members 
• Judicial- Rome- Praetors with one year terms
• Judicial- US- supreme court, nine members, lifetime terms, and they were appointed by the president 
• Legal code- Rome- Twelve Tables
• Legal code- US- Bill of Rights

western civ day fourty-nine

STUDY GUIDE

• Etruscans settled Rome
• Came from the north-central part of peninsula
• Metalworkers, artists, and architects 
• Two fundamental myths
• Virgils Aeneid (where Aeneas escapes from Troy)
• Story of Remus an Romulus 
• Greeks also settled Rome
• colonies around the Mediterranean Sea
• Romans borrowed these ideas from the Greeks
• religious beliefs
• alphabet
• art
• military techniques and weaponry
• Latins were the FIRST settlers
• descendants of Indo-Europeans 
• settled on the banks of the Tiber
• trading ships could navigate as far as Rome
• commercial port- not susceptible to attack
• built on seven hills- Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, and Viminal
• Remus wanted Aventine
• Romulus chose Palatine
• Many streams flowed into the Tiber 
• Marshy area called the Forum- between Palatine and Capitoline Hills
• Tarquin the Proud's grandfather built the Cloaca Maxima (largest ancient drain), which channeled water into the Tiber
• Constitution Avenue in D.C is located on what used to be Tiber Creek
• Lucias Tarquinias Superbus
• Seventh and final king of Rome
• known as Tarquin the Proud
• true tyrant, in the old and modern sense 

western civ day fourty-eight

I loved the song Rome by Chi Cago. It followed the same beat and tune as the original song Low by Flo Rida. I also liked how it was by Chi Cago which when you put it together it says Chicago and when you put Flo Rida it spells Florida. The lyrics were very catchy and still related to Rome. I am disappointed that we didn't have school because it would have been funny to watch you sing it. I think I could remember some of the song because of the catchiness which could help me with Rome.

western civ day fourty-seven

In 451 B.C., ten men began writing down the laws onto 12 tablets. The Twelve Tables was a compilation of existing laws. The laws were originally carved onto wooden tablets and set up for public display they were then upgraded to bronze. Romans memorized the contents. The Twelve Tables were easily and always being added to. The tablets hung in the forum for the public, they were the basis for Roman law. The Twelve Tables established the idea that all free citizens had the right to be protected by the law. This was a big accomplishment for the plebeians because it meant the patricians couldn't change the law to only benefit themselves.

western civ day fourty-six

This is the Roman city walls of Lugo. These walls were built between 263 and 276 B.C. These walls were built to protect roman city, Lugo, from German invaders and local tribesman. The length of the wall was 6,960 ft and the height varied between 26 ft and 39 ft. There are 10 gates and 85 towers still in tact today. The wall is in pretty good shape. The wall was built from stone slate and some granite.